Place sweet potatoes, carrots, turnip, and onion in an electric pressure cooker (such as Instant Pot®). Top with chicken breasts. Pour broth over the top; add cinnamon, rosemary, thyme, and cloves.

Close and lock the lid. Select Soup function; set timer for 12 to 15 minutes. Allow 10 to 15 minutes for pressure to build.

Release pressure using the natural-release method according to manufacturer's instructions, 10 to 40 minutes. Remove chicken breast, chop or shred, and return into the pot. Season with salt and pepper.